A comprehensive introduction to the art and science of applying phonetics to clinical transcription Clinical Phonetics was written specifically for readers who need to know phonetic knowledge and skills for clinical purposes in speech-language pathology. It covers the basic aspects of the phonetics of American English, including phonetic symbols, articulatory descriptions, and acoustic correlates, but it is unique in offering clinically relevant experience with authentic articulatory descriptions and speech samples from children and adults who have speech disorders or who use regional dialects. A wealth of clinically relevant topics further aids readers in preparing for their own transcription experiences as professionals.
Now featuring the insights and expertise of two new co-authors, the
5th Edition retains its focus on clinical applications while offering more opportunities for clinical transcription, significantly updated content, and an improved organization to maximize clarity and ease of learning.
Also available with the Enhanced Pearson eText* The Enhanced Pearson eText provides a rich, interactive learning environment designed to improve student mastery of content with embedded video, authentic audio samples, and multiple-choice quizzes with feedback.
*The Enhanced eText features are only available in the Pearson eText format. They are not available in third-party eTexts or downloads.
**The Pearson eText App is available on Google Play and in the App Store. It requires Android OS 3.1-4, a 7” or 10” tablet, or iPad iOS 5.0 or later.
NOTE: You are purchasing a standalone product; the Enhanced Pearson eText does not come packaged with this content. Students, if interested in purchasing this title with the Enhanced Pearson eText, ask your instructor to confirm the correct package ISBN and Course ID. Instructors, contact your Pearson rep for more information.
If you would like to purchase both the physical text and the Enhanced Pearson eText, search for:
0134683250 / 9780134683256 Clinical Phonetics with Enhanced Pearson eText - Access Card Package Package consists of:
- 0134695585 / 9780134695587 Clinical Phonetics -- Enhanced Pearson eText -- Access Card
- 0134746147 / 9780134746142 Clinical Phonetics
Lawrence D. Shriberg, Ph.D., is Professor Emeritus of Communicative Sciences and Disorders, University of Wisconsin–Madison. He is Principal Investigator of the Phonology Project, Communicative and Cognitive Sciences Unit, Waisman Center, University of Wisconsin–Madison. Dr. Shriberg's research is centered on genetic and other origins of pediatric speech sound disorders. Goals of the research using a framework termed the Speech Disorders Classification System are to develop behavioral markers that can be used to identify biomarkers and explicate the causal pathways of pediatric speech sound disorders. Recent emphasis has been on children with speech motor delay and children with apraxia of speech.
Raymond D. Kent, Ph.D., is Professor Emeritus of Communicative Sciences and Disorders at the University of Wisconsin-Madison. He has authored or edited 19 books, including The Acoustic Analysis of Speech (with Charles Read), Reference Manual for Communicative Sciences and Disorders: Handbook of Voice Quality Measurement (with Martin J. Ball), The MIT Encyclopedia of Communication Disorders, and The Speech Sciences. He served as editor of the Journal of Speech and Hearing Research, associate founding editor of Clinical Linguistics and Phonetics, and associate editor of Folia Phoniatrica et Logopaedica. He currently conducts research on typical and atypical speech development with a clinical focus on children who have cerebral palsy or Down syndrome.
Tara McAllister, Ph.D, is Assistant Professor of Communicative Sciences and Disorders at New York University. She has published more than 30 peer-reviewed articles spanning the disciplines of linguistics and speech-language pathology. Her research aims to understand how articulatory and perceptual factors shape phonological development and disorders. She also directs the Biofeedback Intervention Technology for Speech (BITS) Lab at NYU, which develops and tests tools to provide visual biofeedback for persistent speech sound errors in children.
Jonathan L. Preston, Ph.D., is Associate Professor of Communication Sciences and Disorders at Syracuse University. He has coauthored more than 35 peer-reviewed publications, primarily focusing on phonetic, phonological, and neurobiological characteristics of children with speech sound disorders. In his current position, he teaches course-work on speech sound disorders, and he conducts research on assessment and treatment of speech sound disorders, including childhood apraxia of speech.
About the Authors v
Preface xvii
Chapter 1 Overview of Clinical Phonetics 1
Welcome 1
Clinical Phonetics 1
The Knowledge Domain of Clinical Phonetics 1
The Skill-Based Domain of Clinical Phonetics 2
Conclusion 3
Chapter Summary Exercises 3
Chapter 2 Linguistic Phonetics 5
Language, Speech, and Dialect 5
The Morpheme 6
The Phoneme 7
Spelling versus Phonetic Transcription 7
The International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA) 8
Phonemes and Allophones 9
Phonetics and Phonology 10
The Syllable 10
Positional and Contextual Terminology for Phonetic Descriptions 11
Conclusion 11
Chapter Summary Exercises 11
Chapter 3 The Three Systems of Speech Production 15
The Respiratory System 15
The Laryngeal System 16
The Supralaryngeal System 18
Velopharynx: Velum and Pharyngeal Walls 19
Jaw 20
Tongue 20
Lips 22
Technologies for the Study of Phonetics 23
X-ray Imaging 23
Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) 24
Electromagnetic Articulography 25
Ultrasound 25
Electropalatography 26
Fiberoptic Endoscopy 26
Aerodynamic Analysis 26
Acoustic Analysis 26
Conclusion 28
Chapter Summary Exercises 28
Chapter 4 Vowels: Monophthongs and Diphthongs 31
Vowel Articulation 31
Tongue Height 32
Tongue Advancement (the Front–Back Dimension of Tongue Position) 33
Tenseness or Length 34
Lip Configuration 35
Vowel Description: Tongue Height, Tongue Advancement, Tenseness, and Lip Rounding 37
The Front Vowels 37
Vowel /i/ (He) 38
Vowel /8/ (Hid) 38
Vowel /3/ (Chaotic—First Syllable) 39
Vowel /2/ (Head) 40
Vowel /q/ (Had) 40
The Back Vowels 41
Vowel /u/ (Who) 41
Vowel /7/ (Hook) 42
Vowel /o/ (Hoe) 42
Vowel /9/ (Hall) 43
Vowel /e/ (Hot) 44
The Central Vowels 44
Vowel /4/ (Hub) 45
Vowel /1/ (Above, Sometimes Called Schwa) 46
Vowel /6/ (Her) 46
Vowel /5/ (Mother, Sometimes Called Schwar) 47
Diphthong Articulation 48
Diphthong /e]/ (Bye) 49
Diphthong /9]/ (Boy) 51
Diphthong /e[/ (Bough) 51
Diphthong /3]/ (Bay) 52
Diphthong /o[/ (Bow) 52
R-colored Vowels 53
R-colored Vowel /e r/ (Far) 53
R-colored Vowel /9 r/ (Four) 53
R-colored Vowel /8 r/ (Fear) 54
R-colored Vowel /2 r/ (Fair) 54
Special Notes on the Phonetic Properties of Vowels 55
Some Cautions about Vowel Terminology 55
Tongue and Jaw Interaction 55
Lip and Jaw Interaction 55
Some Common Articulatory Modifications of English Vowels 57
Nasalization 57
Reduction 57
Other Modifications 58
Allographs of English Vowels 58
Frequency of Occurrence for English Vowels 58
Vowels around the World 59
The Acoustic Properties of Vowels 60
The Vocal Tract as a Resonator 60
Primary Acoustic Properties of Vowels 64
Conclusion 65
Chapter Summary Exercises 65
Chapter 5 Consonants 67
Manner of Articulation 68
Stops 68
Fricatives 69
Affricates 69
Nasals 70
Liquids 70
Glides 71
Place of Articulation 71
Bilabials 72
Labiodentals 73
Interdentals (or Dentals) 74
Alveolars 74
Palatals 77
Velars 79
Glottals 80
The Voicing Contrast 80
Summary of Manner, Place, and Voicing 82
Manner of Articulation 82
Place of Articulation and Voicing 83
Allographs of the Consonant Phonemes of English 85
Frequency of Occurrence and Place of Articulation 85
Summary Classification of Consonants 86
Consonant Acoustics 87
Acoustic Features of Consonant Classes 88
Sounds in Sequence 91
Conclusion 92
Chapter Summary Exercises 92
Chapter 6 Suprasegmentals and Prosody 95
The Units of Prosody 95
Syllables 95 The Prosodic Foot 98
The Intonational Phrase 99
Intonation 99
Stress 100
Lexical Stress 100
Stress beyond the Word Level 102
Timing 103
Tempo 103
Pause (Juncture) 103
Boundary or Edge Effects 103
Timing, Juncture, and Intonation Symbols 104
Lengthened [s iQ] 104
Shortened [w i W] 104
Close Juncture [e] d 8 d 8 t] 104
Open Juncture [1 n e] s + m q n] versus [1 n + e] s m q n] 104
Internal Open Juncture [l 2 t s h 2 l p R j 3] n] 104
Falling Terminal Juncture [t 7 d 3] T] 105
Rising Terminal Juncture [t 7 d 3] Y] 105
Checked or Held Juncture [t 7 d 3] U] 105
Selected Extensions to the International Phonetic Alphabet 105
Paralinguistics 105
Examples of Prosodic Variations 106
Motherese 106
Clear Speech 106
Other Prosodic Variations 106
Role of Prosody in Typical and Atypical Development of Speech and Language 106
Clinical Assessment of Suprasegmentals 108
Prosody Profile (PROP) 108
Prosody-Voice Screening Profile (PVSP) 108
Profiling Elements of Prosodic Systems—Child Version (PEPS-C) 109
Conclusion 109
Chapter Summary Exercises 109
Chapter 7 Narrow Transcription 111
Coarticulation 111
Uses of Narrow Transcription 112
Conventions for Diacritic Marks in This Text 114
Onglide and Offglide Symbols 114
Nasal Symbols 114
Nasalized [b q! d] 114
Nasal Emission [s@ m e] l] 116
Denasalized [r q# n] 116
Lip Symbols 116
Rounded (or Protruded) Vowel [s w i$ t] 116
Unrounded (or Unprotruded) Vowel [h u% ] 117
Labialized Consonant [k^ w i n] 117
Nonlabialized Consonant [w& i d] 117
Inverted Lip [b* i n] 117
Tongue Symbols 117
Dentalized [w 8 dI '] 117
Palatalized [sO i l] 118
Lateralized [sP l i p] 118
Retroflex (or Rhotacized) [h e r c{ 5] 119
Velarized [f i l}] 119
Fronted or Advanced [p e E t] 120
Retracted [b qA t] 120
Raised [b 2F d] 121
Lowered [h 2G d] 121
Derhotacized [rK 2 d] 121
Sound Source Symbols 122
Partially Voiced [q b sL 1 n t] 122
Partially Devoiced [d 9 g:] 123
Glottalized (or Creaky Voice) [b e" k s] 123
Breathy (or Murmured) [p l 3Z] 8 a] 123
Whistled (or Hissed) [sC i] 124
Trilled [th rV e]] 124
Syllabic Symbol 124
Stop Release Symbols 124
Aspirated [t( e p] 124
Unaspirated [s t) e p] 125
Unreleased [l q p_] 125
Frictionalized (or Spirantized) [s tX e p] 125
Other Symbols 126
Synchronic Tie [d+z u] 126
Unintelligible Syllable [\] 126
Questionable Segment e or = 126
Conclusion 126
Chapter Summary Exercises 126
Chapter 8 Practicing Broad and Narrow Phonetic Transcription of Children’s Speech 129
Part A: Transcription of Vowel Sound Changes 129
Background Information 129
Training Modules 130
Vowels Module 1: Vowel Substitutions 130
Vowels Module 2: Vowel Modifications 130
Vowels Module 3: Central Vowels 130
Vowels Module 4: Vowel Substitutions, Modifications, and Central Vowels 131
Vowels Module 5: Vowel Additions 131
Vowels Module 6: Vowel Lengthening 132
Vowels Module 7: Vowel Nasalization 132
Vowels Module 8: Summary Quiz 133
Part B: Transcription of Stop Sound Changes 133
Background Information 133
Description of Stops 133
Training Modules 134
Stops Module 1: Stop Substitutions 134
Stops Module 2: Voicing of Voiceless Stops 134
Stops Module 3: Devoicing of Voiced Stops 135
Stops Module 4: Glottal Stop Substitutions 135
Stops Module 5: Stop Deletions 135
Stops Module 6: Frictionalized Stops 136
Stops Module 7: Summary Quiz 136
Part C: Transcription of Nasal Sound Changes 136
Background Information 136
Description and Distribution of Nasals 136
Training Modules 137
Nasals Module 1: Nasal Deletions 137
Nasals Module 2: Summary Quiz 137
Part D: Transcription of Fricative and Affricate Sound Changes 137
Background Information 138
Description of Fricatives 138
Distribution and Frequency of Occurrence of Fricatives 138
Training Modules 139
Overview 139
Fricatives and Affricates Module 1: /f/ and /v/ Changes 139
Fricatives and Affricates Module 2: /h/ Deletions 139
Fricatives and Affricates Module 3: Voiceless and Voiced Interdental Changes 140
Fricatives and Affricates Module 4: Fricative and Affricate Voicing Changes 140
Fricatives and Affricates Module 5: Fricative and Affricate Substitutions 140
Fricatives and Affricates Module 6: Dentalized Sibilants 141
Fricatives and Affricates Module 7: Lateralized Sibilants 141
Fricatives and Affricates Module 8: Retroflexed and Palatalized Sibilants 142
Fricatives and Affricates Module 9: Sibilants Quiz 142
Fricatives and Affricates Module 10: Summary Quiz 142
Part E: Transcription of Glide and Liquid Sound Changes 142
Background Information 142
Description of Glides and Liquids 142
Distribution and Frequency 143
Training Modules 143
Glides and Liquids Module 1: Glide Changes 143
Glides and Liquids Module 2: /l/ Substitutions 143
Glides and Liquids Module 3: Velarized /l/ 143
Glides and Liquids Module 4: Derhotacized /r/, /6/, /5/ 144
Glides and Liquids Module 5: /r/ Quiz 144
Glides and Liquids Module 6: Velarized /r/ 144
Glides and Liquids Module 7: Summary Quiz 145
Grand Quiz 145
Chapter 9 Preparing to Collect and Transcribe Clinical Speech Samples 147
Eliciting and Recording Speech Samples 147
Eliciting the Sample 147
The Recording Environment 148
Recording Equipment 148
Factors that Influence Scoring and Transcription 149
Client Factors 149
Task Factors 150
Approaches to Clinical Transcription and Scoring 151
Transcription and Scoring Systems 151
What Level of Detail Should Be Represented? 151
The Process of Scoring or Transcription 152
Should I Use Video Recording? 152
Should I Use Headphones? 152
Should I Preview the Recording? 152
What if I’m Not Sure What I’m Hearing? 153
How Many Times Should I Listen? 153
What Are Some Strategies for Difficult Words? 153
Some Final Suggestions 154
Conclusion 154
Chapter 10 Phonetics in the Clinical Setting 155
Single-Word Tests of Articulation and Phonology 155
Transcribing Nonwords 156
Two-Way Scoring and Deep Testing 156
Two-Way Scoring in Larger Speech Samples 157
Scoring /s/ in Continuous Speech 157
Scoring Rhotics in Continuous Speech 158
Transcription in Larger Speech Samples 159
Transcribing Imitated Phrases 159
Transcribing Read Sentences 160
Transcribing All Sounds in Continuous Speech 160
Transcribing Children with Motor Speech Disorders 162
Motor Speech Disorders: Imitated Single Words 163
Motor Speech Disorders: Imitated Words in Phrases 163
Motor Speech Disorders: Imitated Sentences 164
Motor Speech Disorders: Conversational Speech 166
Conclusion 167
Chapter 11 Phonetic Variation 169
Part A: Phonetic Aspects of Dialect Variation 169
What is Phonetic Variation? 169
Dialect as a Source of Phonetic Variation 170
Studying Dialect 170
Is There a Standard Dialect? 170
Why Do Dialects Differ? 171
Difference versus Disorder 172
Part B: Regional Dialects of American English 172
Southern Dialect Region 172
Location 172
Major Features 173
Western Dialect Region 174
Location 174
Major Features 174
Midlands Dialect Region 175
Location 175
Major Feature 175
Northern Dialect Regions 176
Location 176
Major Features 176
Dialects of the Northeastern United States 177
Location 177
Major Features 177
Practice Discriminating Regional Variation in Vowels 178
Regional Variation in Consonants 178
International Englishes 179
Part C: Beyond Regional Dialects 180
African American English 180
Origins of AAE 181
Features of AAE 182
L1-Influenced English 184
Working with Speakers from Unfamiliar Language Backgrounds 184
Spanish-Influenced English 185
Features of Spanish-Influenced English 185
Conclusion 187
Further Reading 188
Other Resources 188
Transcription Exercises 189
Appendix A Phonetics Symbols and Terms 309
Appendix B Distributional, Structural, and Proportional Occurrence Data for American English Sounds, Syllables, and Words 317
Glossary 325
Answers to Exercises 333
References 345
Index 353
Other versions by this Author
