Current Issues And Controversies in Policing,9780205470051

Current Issues And Controversies in Policing

by
Edition: 1st
ISBN13: 9780205470051
ISBN10: 020547005X
Format: Paperback
Pub. Date: 2006-07-19
Publisher(s): Pearson
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Summary

This text examines the major issues and controversies facing police officers and provides the reader with a solid understanding of the state of policing in the U. S. today. The main theme of this text is change in policing, and the issues that shape the policing community - past and present. Each chapter begins by placing its issues in historical context, then tracing how issues have evolved over time and finally discussing the resultant current challenges of today. Five general areas of policing are examined: o (1) Selection, Recruitment and Training; o (2) New Philosophies and Strategies; o (3) Police Management and Operations; o (4) Police Misconduct and Accountability; o (5) The Future of Policing. To reinforce the material for students, each chapter contains several pedagogical devices including: introductory and summary sections, lists of key words, and 5-10 discussion questions that the professor can use to test studentsrs" knowledge of the material and foster discussion in class.

Table of Contents

Preface xiii
PART ONE Selection, Recruitment, and Training
Recruitment and Selection
1(30)
The Traditional Approach
1(9)
The First Fifty Years of Professional Policing
1(1)
Reforming the Police: Recruitment and Selection as a First Step
2(1)
The Emergence of Selection Procedures: Elements of a Standard Process
3(7)
Current Issues and Controversies
10(13)
Recruitment
10(3)
Basic Requirements
13(6)
Selection Tests
19(1)
Other Current Issues in Recruitment and Selection
20(3)
Summary
23(1)
Key Terms
24(1)
Discussion Questions
24(1)
References
24(3)
Appendix Scholar's Perspective: The Challenge of Police Recruitment
27(4)
Heath Grant
Training the Police
31(36)
Craft Versus Profession
34(2)
Policing as a Craft
34(1)
Policing as a Profession
35(1)
Finding the Middle Ground: Reducing the Gap between the Academy and the Street
35(1)
The Need for Training and Education
36(1)
Police Academy Training
36(7)
Historical Perspective
36(2)
The Traditional Academy Model
38(3)
Shortcomings of the Traditional Academy Training
41(2)
Field Training Officer Programs
43(3)
The San Jose Model
43(1)
The Benefits of an FTO Program
43(1)
Performance Evaluation of Rookies
44(1)
Selecting the Field Training Officers
45(1)
An Example of an FTO Program
45(1)
In-Service Training
46(1)
Specialized Training
46(1)
Management Training
47(1)
Current Issues
47(10)
Changing the Traditional Police Academy Pedagogy: Andragogy
47(1)
Training in Community/Problem-Oriented Policing
48(1)
Multicultural/Diversity Training
49(2)
Stress Management Training
51(2)
Domestic Violence Training
53(1)
Training in Handling the Mentally Ill
53(2)
Training in Communication and Writing
55(1)
Technology and Training
56(1)
Counterterrorism Training
56(1)
Summary
57(1)
Key Terms
57(1)
Discussion Questions
58(1)
References
58(3)
Appendix Scholar's Perspective: Police Training in America
61(6)
Maria (Maki) Haberfeld
PART TWO New Philosophies and Strategies
Developing the Professional Policing Model
67(26)
The Origins of Professional Policing: Sir Robert Peel and the Metropolitan London Police
67(4)
The Impetus for Change in London
67(1)
Sir Robert Peel and the Metropolitan Police Act of 1829
68(1)
The Need for Development of Professional Policing in the United States
69(2)
U.S. Policing in the Nineteenth Century
71(2)
Who Became Police Officers and How Did They Get the Job?
71(1)
The Activities of the Nineteenth-Century U.S. Police Officer
72(1)
Corruption and Brutality
72(1)
Reforming the Police
73(3)
A First Attempt at Reform
73(1)
A Second Effort at Police Reform
74(2)
Cracks in the Foundation of the Professional Police Model
76(11)
A Partial Success
76(1)
Signs of Trouble: Prohibition and the Wickersham Commission
77(1)
The Police Subculture and the Working Personality
78(1)
The 1950s and 1960s: National Crisis and the Police
79(5)
The Research Revolution
84(2)
Fallout from the 1960s: Policing Comes Full Circle
86(1)
Summary
87(1)
Key Terms
88(1)
Discussion Questions
88(1)
References
88(2)
Appendix Scholar's Perspective: Populism, Politics, and the Struggle for Police Professionalism in the United States
90(3)
Anders Walker
New Policing Philosophies and Strategies
93(35)
Problem-Oriented Policing
93(9)
Theoretical Foundations
93(3)
The Basic Elements of Problem-Oriented Policing: The SARA Model
96(2)
Characteristics of the Problem-Oriented Police Department
98(1)
Diffusion: How Widespread Is Problem-Oriented Policing?
99(1)
Research on the Effectiveness of Problem-Oriented Policing
99(2)
Limitations and Questions
101(1)
Community-Oriented Policing
102(10)
Theoretical Foundations
102(1)
Core Features of Community Policing
103(4)
Diffusion
107(1)
Research on the Effectiveness of Community Policing
108(2)
Limitations and Questions
110(2)
Compstat
112(6)
Background
112(1)
The Stages of CompStat
112(3)
The Six Core Components
115(2)
Diffusion and Impact of CompStat
117(1)
Zero Tolerance Policing
118(2)
The Principles of Zero Tolerance Policing
118(1)
The Impact of Zero Tolerance Policing
119(1)
Cop, Pop, Compstat, and Zero Tolerance: Similarities and Differences
120(1)
Summary
121(1)
Key Terms
122(1)
Discussion Questions
122(1)
References
122(2)
Appendix Scholar's Perspective: The Brooklyn North Neighborhood Safety Project
124(4)
Nancy Jacobs
Heath Grant
Wendy Rowe
Jessica Saunders
PART THREE Police Management and Operations
The Police Organization
128(36)
The Police Bureaucracy
128(10)
Bureaucracy and the Police
128(4)
The Quasi-Military Style of Policing
132(2)
Civil Service
134(1)
Police Unions
135(3)
Function and Structure of the Police Organization
138(12)
Functions of the Police
138(2)
Structure of the Police Organization
140(6)
Supervision and Leadership
146(4)
Current Issues in Police Management and Organization
150(6)
Alternative Organizational Methods
150(2)
Manpower and Resource Shortages
152(2)
Militarization of the Police
154(2)
Summary
156(1)
Key Terms
156(1)
Discussion Questions
157(1)
References
157(2)
Appendix Scholar's Perspective: Restructuring of the City of Paterson, New Jersey, Police Department
159(5)
Michael C. Walker
Police Field Work
164(40)
Police and the Law
164(9)
Key Legal Principles and Issues from the Bill of Rights: Search, Seizure, and Arrest
165(4)
Current Issues and Controversies Involving the Law
169(4)
Discretion and Decision Making
173(6)
Defining and Discovering Discretion
173(1)
The Context of Police Decision Making
174(1)
The Factors that Influence Police Decisions
175(2)
Understanding the Complexity of Police Decision Making
177(1)
Building on What We Know: Increasing the Rationality of Police Decision Making
178(1)
New (and Some Old) Crime Problems
179(16)
Drugs and Gangs
179(4)
Policing Domestic Violence
183(2)
Police and the Mentally Ill
185(3)
Identity Theft and Computer Crime
188(5)
Terrorism
193(2)
Summary
195(1)
Key Terms
195(1)
Discussion Questions
196(1)
References
196(5)
Appendix Scholar's Perspective: The Police and Sex Offenders
201(3)
Karen J. Terry
Measuring Police Performance
204(33)
The Unclear Police Mandate
205(1)
Traditional Measures of Police Performance
206(10)
The Numbers Game
207(9)
Summary
216(1)
New Measures of Police Performance
216(14)
At the Department Level
216(7)
At the Individual Officer Level
223(7)
Summary
230(1)
Key Terms
231(1)
Discussion Questions
231(1)
References
231(2)
Appendix Practitioner's Perspective: Measuring Police Officer Performance in the NYPD
233(4)
Anthony J. Raganella
PART FOUR Police Misconduct and Accountability
Police Misconduct
237(32)
Defining and Measuring Police Misconduct
238(2)
Police Crime
238(1)
Occupational Deviance
239(1)
Corruption
239(1)
Abuse of Authority
239(1)
U.S. Policing and Misconduct: History, Prevalence, and Consequences
240(2)
The History of U.S. Policing and Misconduct
240(1)
How Prevalent Is Police Misconduct Today?
241(1)
The Consequences of Police Misconduct
241(1)
Theoretical Frameworks for Understanding Police Misconduct
242(5)
The Rotten Apple Theory
242(1)
Structural Explanations
243(4)
The Persistent Problems for Police
247(13)
Abuse of Authority
247(6)
Corruption
253(3)
Prejudice and Discrimination
256(4)
Summary
260(1)
Key Terms
261(1)
Discussion Questions
261(1)
References
262(4)
Appendix Scholar's Perspective: Police Pursuit: Policies and Training
266(3)
Geoffrey P. Alpert
Police Accountability: Internal Mechanisms
269(26)
Internal Control Mechanisms
269(18)
Careful Recruitment and Selection of Personnel
269(3)
Police Training
272(1)
Supervision
273(2)
Administrative Guidance
275(4)
Internal Affairs
279(2)
Integrity Tests
281(1)
Early Warning Systems
282(2)
Accreditation
284(1)
Changing the Subculture
285(1)
The Central Role of the Chief
286(1)
Summary
287(1)
Key Terms
288(1)
Discussion Questions
288(1)
References
288(3)
Appendix Scholar's Perspective: Early Warning Systems: Responding to the Problem Police Officer
291(4)
Samuel Walker
Geoffrey P. Alpert
Dennis J. Kenney
Police Accountability: External Mechanisms
295(32)
External Control Mechanisms
295(24)
Criminal Law: Prosecuting the Police
295(4)
Civil Litigation: Suing the Police
299(5)
Judicial Intervention
304(3)
Special Investigations
307(5)
U.S. Department of Justice Consent Decrees
312(2)
Citizen Oversight
314(4)
Public Interest Groups, the Media, and the Public
318(1)
Summary
319(1)
Key Terms
320(1)
Discussion Questions
320(1)
References
320(3)
Appendix Scholar's Perspective: Supercession of the Camden, New Jersey, Police Department
323(4)
Carmen V. LaBruno
PART FIVE The Future of Policing
Technology and the Police
327(26)
Stages of Technological Advancement
327(2)
The First Stage: 1881-1945
328(1)
The Second Stage: 1946-1959
328(1)
The Third Stage: 1960-1979
328(1)
The Fourth Stage: 1980-Present
329(1)
Crime Scene Investigation
329(8)
Historical Perspective
330(1)
The Locard Principle and Physical Evidence
330(4)
Basic Procedures in Crime Scene Investigation
334(2)
The Realities of Crime Scene Investigation
336(1)
Crime Analysis
337(4)
Historical Perspective
337(1)
Crime Analysis in the Twenty-First Century
337(2)
Geographic Information Systems (GIS)
339(2)
Other Technological Advances
341(5)
Computers and the Internet
341(1)
Global Positioning Systems (GPS)
342(1)
Closed Circuit Television (CCTV)
343(1)
NIBRS
343(1)
Biometrics
344(1)
Cold Case Squads
344(1)
Less-than-Lethal Weapons
345(1)
Imaging
345(1)
Summary
346(1)
Key Terms
347(1)
Discussion Questions
347(1)
References
347(2)
Appendix Scholar's Perspective: Crime Mapping---A Tool for Law Enforcement
349(4)
Jennifer B. Robinson
Next Steps and Challenges for Police
353(16)
The Future of Policing
353(10)
Recruitment and Selection
353(2)
Training the Police
355(1)
New Philosophies and Strategies
356(2)
Organizational Issues
358(1)
Police Field Work
359(1)
Measuring Police Performance
360(1)
Police Deviance and Responding to It
361(1)
Technology
362(1)
Summary
363(1)
Key Terms
363(1)
Discussion Questions
364(1)
References
364(1)
Appendix Scholar's Perspective: COPS and CSI: Reality Television?
365(4)
Michael Hallett
Index 369

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