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PART 1 WRITING PROCESSES
1 Why Write?
a Write to connect
b Write to survive
c Write to define and discover
d Write to succeed
2 A Writer’s Opportunities
a Recognize opportunities
b Be open to difference
c Use social media wisely
d Use AI tools wisely
e Position yourself as an academic writer
f Collaborate with others
g Take advantage of low-stakes writing assignments
3 A Writer’s Choices
a Take responsibility
b Consider assignment and purpose
c Choose a topic
d Identify your audience
e Consider stance and tone
f Consider language
g Consider time, genre, medium, and format
4 Exploring, Planning, and Drafting
a Explore a topic
b Develop a working thesis
c Do research and gather credible evidence
d Plan and draft
e Develop paragraphs
f Draft strong introductions and conclusions
5 Making Design Decisions
a Lay out text
b Consider accessibility
c Choose visuals and media
d Use visuals and media ethically
6 Reviewing, Revising, Editing, and Reflecting
a Review your writing
b Revise your writing
c Edit and proofread your writing
d Reflect on your writing
PART 2 READING, WRITING, AND SPEAKING
7 Building Confidence for College Reading
a Identify your purpose for reading
b Use tools and technologies to your advantage
c Preview the text
d Annotate the text
8 Reading Critically and Analytically
a Ask critical questions as you preview a text
b Annotate to begin an analysis
c Read collaboratively
d Summarize the text
e Analyze the text
f Student writing: Rhetorical analysis
9 Arguing Ethically and Persuasively
a Read and listen openly
b Identify basic appeals in an argument
c Analyze the elements of an argument
d Argue purposefully
e Make an argument
f Organize your argument
g Student writing: Argument essay
PART 3 RESEARCH
10 Writing in a Variety of Disciplines and Genres
a Recognize expectations of academic disciplines
b Understand genres
c Adapt genre structures
d Choose genres for public writing
e Student writing: Samples in a variety of disciplines and genres
11 Creating Presentations
a Consider task, purpose, and audience
b Write a memorable introduction and conclusion
c Use explicit structure and signpost language
d Plan visuals
e Practice
f Deliver the presentation
g Student writing: Excerpts from a presentation
12 Conducting Research
a Understand the challenges to research today
b Begin the research process
c Choose among types of sources
d Use web and library research
e Use generative AI for research
f Do field research
13 Evaluating Sources and Taking Notes
a Check facts
b Read vertically
c Read laterally
d Read and analyze sources
e Synthesize sources
f Keep track of sources
g Work with quotations, paraphrases, and summaries
h Create an annotated bibliography
i Student writing: Annotated bibliography
14 Integrating Sources and Avoiding Plagiarism
a Use sources ethically
b Integrate quotations, paraphrases, and summaries
c Integrate visuals and media
d Know which sources to acknowledge
e Avoid plagiarism
15 Writing a Research Project
a Draft your text, including illustrations
b Review and revise a research project
c Prepare a list of sources
d Edit and proofread
e Student writing: Outline for a research project
PART 4 DOCUMENTATION
16 MLA Style
a Understand MLA citation style
b Consider the context of your sources
c Follow MLA format
d Create MLA in-text citations
e Create an MLA list of works cited
f Student writing: Research essay, MLA style
17 APA Style
a Understand APA citation style
b Follow APA format
c Create APA in-text citations
d Create an APA list of references
e Student writing: Research essay, APA style
18 Chicago Style
a Understand Chicago citation style
b Follow Chicago format
c Create Chicago notes and bibliographic entries
d Student writing: Research essay (excerpt), Chicago style
PART 5 STYLE: EFFECTIVE LANGUAGE
19 Language and Identity
a Recognize how the language of others can shape identity
b Use language to shape your own identity
20 Writing across Cultures, Communities, and Identities
a Communicate respectfully and inclusively
b Clarify meaning
c Meet audience expectations
21 Language That Builds Connections
a Examine assumptions and avoid stereotypes
b Examine assumptions about gender
c Examine assumptions about race and ethnicity
d Consider abilities and disabilities
22 Language Varieties
a Practice language awareness
b Experiment with language varieties
c Bring in other languages
23 Word Choice
a Choose among levels of formality
b Consider denotation and connotation
c Use general and specific language effectively
d Use figurative language effectively
PART 6 STYLE: EFFECTIVE SENTENCES
24 Varying Sentences
a Vary sentence length
b Vary sentence openings
25 Consistency and Completeness
a Revise confusing sentence structure
b Match subjects and predicates
c Make complete comparisons
26 Coordination and Subordination
a Relate equal ideas
b Distinguish main ideas
27 Conciseness
a Eliminate redundant words
b Eliminate empty words
c Replace wordy phrases
d Simplify sentence structure
28 Parallelism
a Make items in a series or list parallel
b Make paired ideas parallel
c Use words necessary for clarity
29 Shifts
a Revise shifts in tense
b Revise shifts in voice
c Revise shifts in point of view
d Revise shifts between direct and indirect discourse
PART 7 GRAMMAR
30 What Is “Standardized” English?
a Understand how languages are shaped—and reshaped
b Ask: What does standardized language have to do with me?
31 Top Twenty Tips for Editing Your Writing
32 Verbs and Verb Phrases
a Understand regular and irregular verb forms
b Build verb phrases
c Choose between infinitives and gerunds
d Understand lie and lay, sit and set, rise and raise
e Choose verb tenses to fit your meaning
f Choose active or passive voice
g Use mood appropriately
33 Nouns and Noun Phrases
a Understand count and noncount nouns
b Choose determiners
c Choose the best article
34 Subject-Verb Agreement
a Check for words between subject and verb
b Check agreement with compound subjects
c Make verbs agree with collective nouns
d Make verbs agree with indefinite pronouns
e Make verbs agree with who, which, and that
f Make linking verbs agree with subjects
g Make verbs agree with subjects that end in -s
h Check for subjects that follow the verb
i Make verbs agree with titles and words used as words
j Consider forms of be in varieties of English
35 Adjectives and Adverbs
a Use adjectives after linking verbs
b Understand comparatives and superlatives
36 Modifier Placement
a Revise misplaced modifiers
b Revise disruptive modifiers
c Revise dangling modifiers
37 Pronouns
a Consider a pronoun’s role in the sentence
b Make pronouns agree with antecedents
c Make pronouns refer to clear antecedents
38 Prepositions and Prepositional Phrases
a Choose the right preposition
b Use two-word verbs idiomatically
39 Comma Splices and Fused Sentences
a Separate the clauses into two sentences
b Link the clauses with a comma and a coordinating conjunction
c Link the clauses with a semicolon
d Rewrite the two clauses as one independent clause
e Rewrite one independent clause as a dependent clause
f Link the two clauses with a dash
40 Sentence Fragments
a Identify sentence fragments
b Revise phrase fragments
c Revise compound-predicate fragments
d Revise clause fragments
PART 8 PUNCTUATION/MECHANICS
41 Commas
a Set off introductory elements
b Separate clauses in compound sentences
c Set off nonrestrictive elements
d Separate items in a series
e Set off parenthetical and transitional expressions
f Set off contrasting elements, interjections, direct address, and tag questions
g Set off parts of dates and addresses
h Set off quotations
i Avoid unnecessary commas
42 Semicolons
a Link independent clauses
b Separate items in a series containing other punctuation
c Avoid misusing semicolons
43 End Punctuation
a Periods
b Question marks
c Exclamation points
d Understand end punctuation in informal writing
44 Apostrophes
a Signal possessive case
b Signal contractions
c Understand apostrophes and plural forms
45 Quotation Marks
a Signal a direct quotation
b Identify titles of short works
c Use quotation marks with other punctuation
d Avoid misusing quotation marks
46 Other Punctuation
a Parentheses
b Brackets
c Dashes
d Colons
e Slashes
f Ellipses
g Emoticons, emojis, and tone indicators
47 Capital Letters
a Capitalize the first word of a sentence
b Capitalize proper nouns and proper adjectives
c Capitalize titles before proper names
d Capitalize titles of works
e Revise unnecessary capitalization
48 Abbreviations and Numbers
a Use abbreviations
b Use numbers
49 Italics and Hyphens
a Italicize titles
b Italicize words, letters, and numbers used as terms
c Italicize non-English words
d Use italics for emphasis—occasionally
e Use hyphens with compound words
f Avoid unnecessary hyphens