Summary
This wholly revised edition of a classic handbook reference, written by some of the most eminent practitioners in the field, is designed to be your all-in-one source book on heat transfer issues and problem-solving. It includes the latest advances in the field, as well as covering subjects from microscale heat transfer to thermophysical properties of new refrigerants. An invaluable guide to this most crucial factor in virtually every industrial and environmental process.
Author Biography
Warren M. Rohsenow is a former professor of mechanical engineering and director of the Heat Transfer Laboratory at MIT. Dr. Rohsenow received the Max Jacob Memorial Award for his work in heat transfer. James P. Hartnett is director of the Energy Resource Center and was professor of mechanical engineering at the University of Illinois in Chicago. Dr. Hartnett was the recipient of the ASME Memorial Award for his work in this field. Young I. Cho is professor of mechanical engineering in the Department of Mechanical Engineering and Mechanics at Drexel University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. Dr. Cho was awarded the 1995 University Research Award at Drexel University.
Table of Contents
Contributors Preface Chapter 1-Basic Concepts of Heat Transfer Heat Transfer Mechanisms Conduction Radiation Convection Combined Heat Transfer Mechanisms Conservation Equations The Equation of Continuity The Equation of Motion (Momentum Equation) The Energy Equation The Conservation Equations for Species Use of Conservation Equations to Set Up Problems Dimensionless Groups and Similarity in Heat Transfer Units and Conversion Factors Nomenclature References Chapter 2-Thermophysical Properties Conversion Factors Thermophysical Properties of Gases Thermophysical Properties of Liquids Thermophysical Properties of Solids Thermophysical Properties of Saturated Refrigerants Acknowledgements Nomenclature References Selected Additional Sources of Thermophysical Properties Chapter 3-Conduction and Thermal Contact Resistance (Conductances) Introduction Basic Equations, Definitions, and Relationships Shape Factors Shape Factors for Ellipsoids: Integral Form for Numerical Calculations Shape Factors for Three-Dimensional Bodies in Unbounded Domains Three-Dimensional Bodies with Layers: Langmuir Method Shape Factors for Two-Dimensional Systems Transient Conduction Introduction Internal Transient Conduction Lumped Capacitance Model Heisler and Grober Charts--Single-Term Approximations Multidimensional Systems Transient One-Dimensional Conduction in Half-Spaces External Transient Conduction from Long Cylinders Transient External Conduction from Spheres Instantaneous Thermal Resistance Transient External Conduction from Isothermal Convex Bodies Spreading (Constriction) Resistance Introduction Definitions of Spreading Resistance Spreading Resistance of Isoflux Arbitrary Areas on Half-Space Circular Annular Contact Areas on Half-Space Doubly Connected Isoflux Contact Areas on Half-Space Effect of Contact Conductance on Spreading Resistance Spreading Resistance in Flux Tubes and Channels Effect of Flux Distribution on Circular Contact Area on Half-Space Simple Correlation Equations of Spreading Resistance for Circular Contact Area Accurate Correlation Equations for Various Combinations of Contact Area, Flux Tubes, and Boundary Condition General Spreading Resistance Expression for Circular Annular Area on Circular Flux Tube Spreading Resistance within Two-Dimensional Channels Effect of Single and Multiple Layers (Coatings) on Spreading Resistance Circular Contact Area on Single Layer (Coating) on Half-Space Circular Contact Area on Multiple Layers on Circular Flux Tube Transient Spreading Resistance Transient Spreading Resistance of Isoflux Hyperellipse Contact Area on Half-Space Transient Spreading Resistance of Isoflux regular Polygonal Contact Area on Half-Space Transient Spreading Resistance Within Semi-Infinite Flux Tubes and Channels Contact, Gap, and Joint Resistances and Contact Conductances Point and Line Contact Models Thermal Contact, Gap, and Joint Conductance Models Gap Conductance Model and Integral Acknowledgments Nomenclature References Chapter 4-Natural Convection Introduction Basics Equations of Motion and Their Simplification Problem Classification Heat Transfer Correlation Method External Natural Convection Flat Plates Cylinders Open Cavity Problems Cooling Channels Extended Surfaces Natural Convection within Enclosures Introduction Geometry and List of Parameters for Cavities Without Interior Solids The Conduction Layer Model Horizontal Rectangular Parallelepiped and Circular Cylinder Cavities Heat Transfer in Vertical Rectangular Parallelepiped Cavites: zero-ninety degrees Heat Transfer in Inclined Rectangular Cavities Heat Transfer in Enclosures with Interior Solids at Prescribed Temperature Transient Natural Convection External Transient Convection Internal Transient Convection Natural Convection with Internal Generation Internal Problems Convection in Porous Media Properties and Dimensionless Groups External Heat Transfer Correlations Internal Heat Transfer Correlations Mixed Convection External Flows Internal Flows Acknowledgments Nomenclature References Chapter 5-Forced Convection, Internal Flow in Ducts Introduction Scope of the Chapter Characteristics of Laminar Flow in Ducts Characteristics of Turbulent Flow in Ducts Hydraulic Diameter Fluid Flow Parameters Heat Transfer Parameters Thermal Boundary Conditions Circular Ducts Laminar Flow Turbulent Flow Transition Flow Concentric Annular Ducts Four Fundamental Thermal Boundary Conditions Laminar Flow Turbulent Flow Parallel Plate Ducts Laminar Flow Turbulent Flow Rectangular Ducts Laminar Flow Turbulent Flow Triangular Ducts Laminar Flow Turbulent Flow Elliptical Ducts Laminar Flow Turbulent Flow Curved Ducts and Helicoidal Pipes Fully Developed Laminar Flow Developing Laminar Flow Turbulent Flow in Coils with Circular Cross Sections Fully Developed Laminar Flow in Curved, Square, and Rectangular Ducts Fully Developed Turbulent Flow in Curved, Rectangular, and Square Ducts Laminar Flow in Coiled Annular Ducts Laminar Flow in Curved Ducts with Elliptic Cross Sections Longitudinal Flow Between Cyclinders Laminar Flow Fully Developed Turbulent Flow Internally Finned Tubes Circular Ducts with Thin Longitudinal Fins Square Ducts with Thin Longitudinal Fins Rectangular Ducst with Longitudinal Fins from Opposite Walls Circular Ducts with Longitudinal Triangular Fins Circular Ducts with Twisted Tape Semicircular Ducts with Internal Fins Elliptical Ducts with Internal Longitudinal Fins Other Singly Connected Ducts Sine Ducts Trapezoidal Ducts Rhombic Ducts Quadrilateral Ducts Regular Polygonal Ducts Circular Sector Ducts Circular Segment Ducts Annular Sector Ducts Stadium-Shaped Ducts Moon-Shaped Ducts Corrugated Ducts Parallel Plate Ducts with Spanwise Periodic Corrugations at One Wall Cusped Ducts Cardioid Ducts Unusual Singly Connected Ducts Other Doubly Connected Ducts Confocal Elliptical Ducts Regular Polygonal Ducts with Centered Circular Cores Circular Ducts with Centered Regular Polygonal Cores Isosceles Triangular Ducts with Inscribed Circular Cores Elliptical Ducts with Centered Circular Cores Concluding Remarks Nomenclature References Chapter 6-Forced Convection, External Flows Introduction Definition of Terms Two-Dimensional Laminar Boundary Layer Two-Dimensional Boundary Layers Transitional Boundary Layers Complex Configurations Nomenclature References Chapter 7-Radiation Introduction Radiation Intensity and Flux Blackbody Radiation Nonblack Surfaces and Materials Radiative Exchange: Enclosures Containing a Nonparticipating Medium Black Surfaces Exchange Among Gray Diffuse Surfaces Radiative Exchange with a Participating Medium Fundamentals and Definitions Solution Techniques for the RTE Solutions to Benchmark Problems Radiative Properties for Participating Media Radiative Properties of Gases Radiative Properties of Particulates Radiative Properties of Porous Materials Radiative Properties of Semitransparent Materials Combined Modes with Radiation The General Energy Equation Interaction with Conduction and Convection Interaction with Combustion and Turbulence Closing Remarks Appendix A: Radiative Property Tables Appendix B: Radiation Configuration Factors Nomenclature References Chapter 8-Microscale Transport Phenomena Introduction Time and Length Scales Kinetic Theory Formulation Thermal Conductivity of Crystalline and Amorphous Solids Boltzmann Transport Theory General Formulation Fourier and Ohm's Laws Hyperbolic Heat Equation Mass, Momentum, and Energy Conservation--Hydrodynamic Equations Equation of Radiative Transfer for Photons and Phonons Nonequilibrium Energy Transfer Joule Heating in High-Field Electronic Devices Radiative Heating by Ultrashort Laser Pulses Summary Nomenclature References Chapter 9-Heat Transfer in Porous Media Introduction Single-Phase Flow Conduction Heat Transfer Convection Heat Transfer Radiation Heat Transfer Two-Medium Treatment Two-Phase Flow Momentum Equations for Liquid-Gas Glow Local Volume Averaging of Energy Equation Effective Thermal Conductivity Thermal Dispersion Phase Change Condensation at Vertical Impermeable Bounding Surfaces
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