1. INDUSTRIAL HEATING PROCESSES. |
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1.1 Industrial Process Heating Furnaces. |
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1.2 Classifications of Furnaces. |
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1.3 Elements of Furnace Construction. |
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1.4 Review Questions and Projects. |
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2. HEAT TRANSFER IN INDUSTRIAL FURNACES. |
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2.1 Heat Required for Load and Furnace. |
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2.2 Flow of Heat Within the Charged Load. |
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2.3 Heat Transfer to the Charged Load Surface. |
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2.4 Determining Furnace Gas Exit Temperature. |
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2.5 Thermal Interaction in Furnaces. |
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2.6 Temperature Uniformity. |
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2.8 Review Questions and Project. |
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3. HEATING CAPACITY OF BATCH FURNACES. |
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3.1 Definition of Heating Capacity. |
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3.2 Effect of Rate of Heat Liberation. |
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3.3 Effect of Rate of Heat Absorption by the Load. |
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3.3.1 Major Factors Affecting Furnace Capacity. |
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3.4 Effect of Load Arrangement. |
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3.5 Effect of Load Thickness. |
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3.7 Batch Indirect-Fired Furnaces. |
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3.8 Batch Furnace Heating Capacity Practice. |
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3.9 Controlled Cooling in or After Batch Furnaces. |
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3.10 Review Questions and Project. |
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4. HEA TING CAPACITY OF CONTINUOUS FURNACES. |
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4.1 Continuous Furnaces Compared to Batch Furnaces. |
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4.2 Continuous Dryers, Ovens, and Furnaces for <1400 F (<760 C). |
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4.3 Continuous Midrange Furnaces, 1200 to 1800 F (650 to 980 C). |
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4.4 Sintering and Pelletizing Furnaces. |
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4.5 Axial Continuous Furnaces for Above 2000 F (1260 C). |
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4.6 Continuous Furnaces for 1900 to 2500 F (1038 to 1370 C). |
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4.7 Continuous Liquid Heating Furnaces. |
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4.8 Review Questions and Projects. |
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5. SAVING ENERGY IN INDUSTRIAL FURNACE SYSTEMS. |
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5.1 Furnace Efficiency, Methods for Saving Heat. |
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5.2 Heat Distribution in a Furnace. |
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5.3 Furnace, Kiln, and Oven Heat Losses. |
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5.4 Heat Saving in Direct-Fired Low-Temperature Ovens. |
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5.5 Saving Fuel in Batch Furnaces. |
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5.6 Saving Fuel in Continuous Furnaces. |
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5.7 Effect of Load Thickness on Fuel Economy. |
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5.8 Saving Fuel in Reheat Furnaces. |
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5.9 Fuel Consumption Calculation. |
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5.10 Fuel Consumption Data for Various Furnace Types. |
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5.11 Energy Conservation by Heat Recovery from Flue Gases. |
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5.12 Energy Costs of Pollution Control. |
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5.13 Review Questions, Problems, Project. |
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6. OPERATION AND CONTROL OF INDUSTRIAL FURNACES. |
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6.1 Burner and Flame Types, Location. |
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6.3 Unwanted NOx Formation. |
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6.4 Controls and Sensors: Care, Location, Zones. |
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6.5 Air/Fuel Ratio Control. |
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6.6 Furnace Pressure Control. |
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6.8 Furnace Control Data Needs. |
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6.9 Soaking Pit Heating Control. |
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6.10 Uniformity Control in Forge Furnaces. |
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6.11 Continuous Reheat Furnace Control. |
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7. GAS MOVEMENT IN INDUSTRIAL FURNACES. |
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7.1 Laws of Gas Movement. |
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7.2 Furnace Pressure; Flue Port Size and Location. |
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7.3 Flue and Stack Sizing, Location. |
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7.4 Gas Circulation in Furnaces. |
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7.5 Circulation Can Cure Cold Bottoms. |
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8. CALCULATIONS/MAINTENANCE/QUALITY/SPECIFYING A FURNACE. |
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8.1 Calculating Load Heating Curves. |
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8.3 Product Quality Problems. |
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8.4 Specifying a Furnace. |
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8.5 Review Questions and Project. |
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9. MATERIALS IN INDUSTRIAL FURNACE CONSTRUCTION. |
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9.1 Basic Elements of a Furnace. |
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9.2 Refractory Components for Walls, Roof, Hearth. |
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9.3 Ways in Which Refractories Fail. |
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9.5 Installation, Drying, Warm-Up, Repairs. |
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9.6 Coatings, Mortars, Cements. |
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9.7 Hearths, Skid Pipes, Hangers, Anchors. |
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9.8 Water-Cooled Support Systems. |
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9.9 Metals for Furnace Components. |
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9.10 Review Questions, Problem, Project. |
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GLOSSARY. |
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REFERENCES AND SUGGESTED READING. |
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INDEX. |
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