This is an edited volume concerning fundamental issues in the philosophy of science in the context of the two most intriguing fields: biology and economics. Written by authorities and experts in the philosophy of biology and economics, this volume provides a structured study of the concepts of mechanism and causality in these disciplines and draws careful juxtapositions between philosophical apparatus and scientific practice. By exploring the issues that are most salient to the contemporary philosophies of biology and economics and by presenting comparative analyses, this volume serves as a platform not only for gaining mutual understanding between scientists and philosophers of the life sciences and those of the social sciences, but also for sharing interdisciplinary research that combines both philosophical concepts in both fields. The first part of this volume defines the concepts of mechanism and causality in biology and economics, respectively. The second and third parts include chapters devoted to investigating philosophical perspectives on various causal and mechanistic issues in scientific practice in the two fields. In these two sections, there are chapters on causal issues in the theory of evolution; experiments and scientific discovery; representation of causal relations and mechanism by models in economics. The final section presents interdisciplinary studies of various topics concerning extrapolation of life sciences and social sciences. Included in this section are chapters on the philosophical investigation of conjoining biological and economic analyses with, respectively, demography, medicine, sociology, and social anthropology.