Music of Black Americans : A History,9780393971415

Music of Black Americans : A History

by
Edition: 3rd
ISBN13: 9780393971415
ISBN10: 0393971414
Format: Paperback
Pub. Date: 1997-01-17
Publisher(s): W. W. Norton & Company
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Summary

Beginning with the arrival of the first Africans in the English colonies, Eileen Southern weaves a fascinating narrative of intense musical activity. As singers, players, and composers, black American musicians are fully chronicled in this landmark book. Now in the third edition, the author has brought the entire text up to date and has added a wealth of new material covering the latest developments in gospel, blues, jazz, classical, crossover, Broadway, and rap as they relate to African American music.

Table of Contents

List of Illustrations
xv(4)
Preface xix
PART ONE SONG IN A STRANGE LAND 1619-1775 3(60)
1 The African Legacy
3(20)
MUSIC IN WEST AFRICA
4(16)
The Role of Music in Society
4(1)
Occasions for Music Making
5(3)
Professional Musicians
8(1)
Musical Instruments and Performance Practice
9(7)
Music and Poetry
16(2)
Music and the Dance
18(1)
Summary
19(1)
THE AFRICAN DIASPORA
20(3)
From Indentured Servitude to Slavery
20(1)
African Retentions in the New World
21(2)
2 The Colonial Era
23(40)
MUSIC IN THE COLONIES
23(2)
PRIMARY SOURCES OF INFORMATION
25(3)
The Colonial Newspaper
25(2)
Other Primary Sources
27(1)
CONGREGATIONAL SINGING: PSALMODY AND HYMNODY
28(7)
Singing in the Meetinghouse
28(3)
Psalm Singing in the Community
31(1)
The Reform Movement
32(1)
The Growth of Hymnody
33(2)
RELIGIOUS INSTRUCTION AND PSALMODY
35(6)
Patterns of Slavery in North and South
35(1)
Conversion and Religious Instruction in the North
36(2)
Missionary Activities in the South
38(3)
RECREATIONAL MUSIC
41(7)
Holiday Celebrations
41(1)
Social Diversions of the Colonists
42(1)
Slave Dance Musicians
43(3)
Social Singing
46(1)
Slave Recreational Activities
47(1)
DEVELOPMENT OF MUSICAL SKILLS
48(4)
SLAVE FESTIVALS IN THE AFRICAN TRADITION
52(11)
`Lection Day Festivities
52(1)
Pinkster Celebrations
53(3)
Other Slave Gatherings
56(7)
PART TWO LET MY PEOPLE GO 1776-1865 63(160)
3 Two Wars and the New Nation
63(34)
BLACK MUSICIANS IN THE ARMED SERVICES
63(4)
The Revolutionary War
64(2)
The War of 1812
66(1)
THE POST-REVOLUTIONARY PERIOD
67(4)
Musical Activities in the New Nation
67(1)
Black Singing-School Masters
68(2)
Black Benevolent and Fraternal Societies
70(1)
THE BLACK CHURCH
71(9)
The Earliest Black Congregations
71(1)
Methodist Dissenters
72(3)
Richard Allen's Hymnals
75(5)
INDEPENDENT BLACK DENOMINATIONS
80(2)
Denominational Hymnals
81(1)
Importance of the Black Church
82(1)
THE CAMP MEETING
82(7)
Singing in the Camp Meeting
84(1)
The Camp-Meeting Hymn
85(3)
Shouts in the Camp Meeting
88(1)
ETHIOPIAN MINSTRELSY
89(8)
Antecedents of Minstrel Songs
89(1)
Growth of the "Ethiopian" Music
90(4)
Black Entertainers in Ethiopian Minstrelsy
94(3)
4 Antebellum Urban Life
97(54)
BLACK MUSICIANS AND THE GENERAL STATE OF MUSIC
98(2)
URBAN MUSIC IN THE NORTH
100(27)
The Concert Stage
103(1)
Sacred Music Concerts
104(2)
Grand Concerts and Concert Troupes
106(1)
Bands and Orchestras
107(4)
Composers
111(2)
The Philadelphia School
113(1)
Composers in Other Cities
114(2)
Music in the Theater
116(5)
Balls and Holiday Celebrations
121(1)
Dance Halls and Dives
122(2)
Street Vendors and Itinerant Musicians
124(3)
MUSIC OF THE BLACK CHURCH, I
127(4)
Music in the Worship Service
127(3)
Camp Meetings and Bush Meetings
130(1)
Informal Religious Practices
130(1)
URBAN MUSIC IN THE SOUTH
131(5)
New Orleans--A Musical Center
131(1)
Vocal Music
132(1)
Brass Bands and Orchestras
133(1)
A Symphony Orchestra
133(1)
Dance Orchestras and Recreational Music
134(1)
Black Fiddlers and White Dancers
134(2)
AFRICAN TRADITIONS IN THE SOUTH
136(4)
Dancing in the Place Congo
136(2)
John Conny Festivals
138(1)
Voodoo
139(1)
THE ANTI-SLAVERY MOVEMENT
140(5)
Anti-Slavery Songs
141(1)
The Underground Railroad
142(3)
MUSIC OF THE BLACK CHURCH, II
145(2)
Music Instruction in Sabbath Schools
146(1)
SONGS ON THE WATERFRONT
147(4)
5 Antebellum Rural Life
151(54)
PRIMARY SOURCES OF INFORMATION
151(1)
THE MUSICAL SOURCES
152(1)
DAILY LIFE ON THE PLANTATION
153(3)
SONGS OF NARRATION AND SOCIAL COMMENT
156(5)
WORKSONGS
161(6)
RECREATIONAL MUSIC
167(8)
Dance Music
168(3)
Musical Instruments
171(2)
Other Recreational Activities
173(2)
ENTERTAINMENT FOR THE MASTERS
175(2)
IMPORTANCE OF MUSIC TO THE SLAVES
177(1)
THE WORSHIP SERVICE
178(6)
Spirituals
180(1)
The Shout
181(3)
OTHER RELIGIOUS SERVICES
184(1)
AN ORIGIN FOR THE SPIRITUAL
184(6)
CHARACTER OF THE FOLK MUSIC
190(15)
Melody and Scales
192(3)
Rhythmic Features
195(2)
Musical Texture
197(2)
Poetic Language and Themes
199(2)
Performance Practice
201(3)
Summary
204(1)
6 The War Years and Emancipation
205(18)
MUSIC IN THE UNION ARMY
208(4)
MUSIC IN THE CONFEDERATE ARMY
212(1)
MUSIC IN THE CONTRABAND CAMP
212(2)
EMANCIPATION
214(9)
PART THREE BLOW YE THE TRUMPET 1865-1919 223(142)
7 After the War
223(42)
SONGS OF THE PEOPLE
224(3)
DISSEMINATION OF THE SPIRITUALS
227(4)
The Fisk Jubilee Singers and Other Student Groups
227(4)
Professional Jubilee Singers
231(1)
BLACK ETHIOPIAN MINSTRELSY
231(13)
Minstrel Troupes
231(2)
Minstrel Traditions
233(4)
Minstrel Stars
237(7)
THE CONCERT STAGE
244(9)
Prima Donnas
244(4)
Male Vocalists and Ensembles
248(1)
Concert Instrumental Artists
249(3)
Concert Musicians Abroad
252(1)
TRAVELING ROAD SHOWS
253(3)
FESTIVALS AND EXTRAVAGANZAS
256(1)
BRASS BANDS AND DANCE ORCHESTRAS
257(2)
U.S. Army Bands
258(1)
Society Dance Orchestras
258(1)
OTHER MUSICAL ORGANIZATIONS
259(1)
ITINERANT AND COMMUNITY MUSICIANS
259(2)
COMPOSERS AND WRITERS
261(1)
MUSIC OF THE BLACK CHURCH, III
262(3)
Hymn Writers and Collectors
263(2)
8 The New Century
265(48)
THE GENERAL STATE OF MUSIC
266(1)
MUSIC NATIONALISM
267(15)
Nationalistic Music of Black Composers
268(14)
IN THE CONCERT WORLD
282(5)
Concert Singers
282(1)
Concert Violinists and Pianists
283(3)
Artist Professors
286(1)
MUSIC EDUCATORS
287(4)
SYMPHONY ORCHESTRAS, OPERA COMPANIES, AND CHORAL SOCIETIES
291(5)
Symphony Orchestras
291(3)
Opera Companies and Choral Societies
294(2)
THEATERS AND THEATER MUSIC
296(2)
SHOWS ON THE ROAD
298(2)
Black Showmen and the Circus
300(1)
VAUDEVILLE AND MUSICAL COMEDIES
300(3)
MUSICALS ON AND OFF BROADWAY
303(2)
The Walker and Williams Company
304(1)
BLACK ENTERTAINERS ABROAD
305(1)
MILITARY MUSIC
306(1)
THE MUSIC BUSINESS
307(2)
Musicians' Unions
307(1)
Music Publishing
308(1)
EARLY RECORDINGS OF BLACK MUSICIANS
309(2)
PROFESSIONAL ORGANIZATIONS
311(1)
ASCAP
311(2)
The National Association of Negro Musicians
311(2)
9 Precursors of Jazz
313(52)
THE GENERAL STATE OF MUSIC
313(1)
THE EMERGENCE OF RAGTIME
314(18)
Ragtime Songs
317(2)
Instrumental Rags
319(3)
Composers of Piano Rags
322(6)
Rag Performers
328(3)
Ragtime Elements in the Music of White Composers
331(1)
THE BLUES
332(8)
Blues and Spirituals
333(1)
Characteristics of the Blues
333(5)
Father of the Blues
338(2)
BRASS BANDS AND STRING BANDS
340(11)
Brass Bands and Dance Orchestras in New Orleans
342(3)
Syncopated Orchestras in New York
345(5)
Syncopated Orchestras in Chicago and Other Cities
350(1)
WORLD WAR I
351(6)
Songs of the War
354(1)
After the War
355(2)
SUMMARY
357(8)
PART FOUR Lift Every Voice 1920-1996 365(246)
10 The Jazz Age
365(39)
CHARACTERISTICS OF JAZZ
367(2)
RACE RECORDS
369(9)
Early Black Recording Companies
370(1)
Women and Blues
371(3)
Downhome Blues
374(4)
JAZZ BAND RECORDING
378(5)
THE BIG BANDS
383(2)
THE SWING ERA
385(4)
KANSAS CITY JAZZ
389(4)
PRINCIPAL JAZZ INSTRUMENTALISTS
393(2)
JAZZ SINGERS
395(1)
JAZZ PIANISTS
395(5)
JAZZ WOMEN AS BANDLEADERS
400(1)
JAZZ COMPOSER-ARRANGERS
401(1)
WHITE MUSICIANS AND JAZZ
401(2)
THE END OF AN ERA
403(1)
11 The Harlem Renaissance and Beyond
404(62)
THE GENERAL STATE OF MUSIC IN THE NATION
406(2)
IN THE CONCERT WORLD
408(10)
Concert/Opera Singers
414(3)
Concert Artists in Mid-Career
417(1)
MUSICAL ORGANIZATIONS
418(6)
Professional Choruses
420(4)
COMPOSERS AND COMPOSER/EDUCATORS
424(11)
Dean of Afro-American Composers
431(4)
BLACK MUSICALS ON BROADWAY
435(7)
HARLEM AND THE NEW NEGRO
442(1)
THE FEDERAL ARTS PROJECTS
443(1)
THE MEDIA: FILMS AND RADIO
444(1)
CONCERTS, FESTIVALS, AND OPERAS
445(6)
WRITINGS ABOUT MUSIC
451(1)
THE EMERGENCE OF GOSPEL
452(14)
White Gospel Hymnody
452(1)
Music in the Black Folk Church
453(1)
Lining-Out and Dr. Watts
454(1)
Shape-Note Singing and The Sacred Harp
455(1)
Black Church Songs
456(4)
Father of Gospel Music
460(1)
Other Gospel Composers
461(1)
Gospel Traditions
462(4)
12 The Mid-Century Decades
466(57)
WORLD WAR II
467(4)
The Great Lakes Experience
468(2)
The USO Camp Shows
470(1)
Regimental Bands and Choruses
470(1)
THE BLACK REVOLUTION
471(3)
EDUCATING THE BLACK COMMUNITY
474(1)
THE GOSPEL SOUND
475(12)
Gospel Composers/Performers
478(5)
Gospel Quartets
483(1)
Milestones in Gospel History
484(3)
NEW DEVELOPMENTS IN JAZZ
487(18)
Bebop
487(7)
Free Jazz
494(3)
Innovations of the Seventies
497(3)
Jazz at the Keyboard
500(2)
Jazz Singers
502(2)
Jazz Festivals
504(1)
Jazz in the Church
504(1)
THE URBAN BLUES
505(5)
The Mississippi Delta Blues
506(1)
Chicago Blues
507(1)
Blues Styles in Other Places
508(1)
Blues in Europe and Festivals
508(1)
Blues Repertories
509(1)
Library of Congress Recordings
509(1)
POPULAR MUSIC
510(13)
Pop Soloists
511(2)
Pop Quartets
513(1)
Rhythm 'n' Blues
513(4)
Soul Music
517(1)
Rock 'n' Roll
518(4)
New Dance Music
522(1)
13 Singers, Instrumentalists, and Composers
523(44)
Singers at Mid-Century
523(1)
Pianists and Other Instrumentalists
524(1)
Symphony Orchestra Players and Conductors
525(4)
THE WORLD OF OPERA
529(11)
The Concert/Opera Singers
534(2)
New Opera Companies
536(1)
A New Old Opera
537(3)
COMPOSERS
540(21)
Composers After the War
543(12)
The Society of Black Composers
555(5)
Composers and Synthesizers
560(1)
BLACK MUSICALS ON BROADWAY
561(3)
OTHER FORMS OF THEATER MUSIC
564(1)
Music for the Dance
565(2)
14 Currents in Contemporary Arenas
567(44)
JAZZ IMPROVISERS AND COMPOSERS
568(1)
A NEW GENERATION
569(1)
BLAKEY'S KIDS
570(2)
ASPECTS OF THE NEW MUSIC
572(1)
THE YOUNG LIONS
573(1)
THE PROFESSORS
574(2)
"CLASSICAL" COMPOSERS AND IMPROVISERS
576(2)
CONCERT ARTISTS
578(1)
COMMUNITY-BASED MUSIC GROUPS
579(3)
Academic-Based Groups
580(1)
Professional Groups
581(1)
OPERA: OLD AND NEW
582(2)
OPERA COMPANIES
584(1)
BLACK SINGERS ON STAGE
584(2)
SYMPHONY ORCHESTRAS: THE CONDUCTORS
586(1)
SYMPHONY INSTRUMENTALISTS
587(1)
SYMPHONY OF THE NEW WORLD
588(1)
FESTIVALS
589(5)
FESTAC in Nigeria
589(1)
Celebration at Lincoln Center
589(1)
A Symposium in Michigan
590(1)
The Atlanta Festivals
591(1)
Summer Festivals
592(1)
The Cincinnati Festival
592(1)
Carnegie Hall Concerts
592(2)
CABARET DIVAS
594(2)
RESOURCES OF THE PAST
596(7)
Ragtime
596(1)
Blues Revivals
596(1)
Popular Music
597(1)
The New Pop Music: Rap
598(5)
WOMEN IN BLACK CHURCH MUSIC
603(1)
GOSPEL SINCE THE 1980s
604(4)
Hymnals and Performance Practice
604(2)
Contemporary Gospel
606(2)
A GOSPEL GREEK MYTH
608(1)
CODA
609(2)
Bibliography And Discography 611(104)
GENERAL REFERENCES 613(4)
THE AFRICAN LEGACY 617(1)
EIGHTEENTH AND EARLY NINETEENTH CENTURIES 618(2)
THE NINETEENTH CENTURY 620(6)
NINETEENTH-CENTURY COLLECTIONS: MUSIC SCORES 626(1)
THE TWENTIETH CENTURY 626(7)
TWENTIETH-CENTURY COLLECTIONS: MUSIC SCORES 633(1)
PERIODICALS 634(1)
BIOGRAPHIES 634(11)
SOUND RECORDINGS 645(2)
INDEX 647

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